PhD Dissertation Chapter 1

The Fundamental ComponentsChapter One, one of any research thesis or dissertation, should lay down the basis and the objectives any researcher would want to achieve in such undertaking.This chapter consists of the background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses, Significance of the Study, the Definition of Terms and Delimitation. The statements made in these subsections should be clearly stated.  In the first subsection, the background will formally introduce the topic and discuss the rationale of choosing the problem as well as its theoretical framework.  Another one is that the Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses should be couched in clear and measurable terms. This part describes the purposes why the researcher is conducting the study and enumerates the hypotheses to be tested.Third, the Significance of the Study will cite the benefits that could be derived as a result.  Next, the definition of terms should give the conc eptual as well as the operational meanings of the terms in relation to the present study.  Finally, the Delimitation part will set the limits and scope of the Study.The AnalysisThe subject of the present analysis is the Chapter of a Dissertation Proposal.The Background of the StudyAs stated previously in the explanation of the Background of the Study, the Chapter 1 of the present research lacks a Research Title to serve as a basis of the Chapter 1 component of the dissertation. Having no title, the researcher or the reader of the present work will have a hard time guessing what the Chapter was all about. Thus, he will only have to guess the appropriate title of this research which is missing. The research describes the different â€Å"excellent models† used by other developed countries. Since this is the case, these models to my mind bear no relevance to what the research is all about neither to be used as a link to the research title.Though I must admit that the researcher stated his intention or reason for conducting these research â€Å"is to provide theoretical background to the ‘claim’ that the TPEM is strongly based on management theory† this thus not negate the fact that in using to explain his intention through â€Å"TQM and performance-based models, Resource-based View (RBV) and the stakeholder theory (ST)† he employed a research paradigm which was not properly explained either in in-text or via graphical representation. How can the researchers establish a prior relationship â€Å"between enablers and performance indicators is important before testing their causal linkages?† It should be properly explained.The Problem Statement and Research ObjectivesThe Statement of the Problem section provides a description of the purpose of the study and enumerates the Hypotheses to be tested.  The researcher in this part stated the the enabler consist of leadership, organizational culture and values, strategies and obje ctives, best practices, innovation, and change management; and the results set comprises of productivity, employee satisfaction, customer relationship and stakeholder focus and the performance results. To my mind these are the variables that will be used to attain the researcher’s desired end.The Statement of the Problem here is couched in general terms which is very difficult to determine what statistical tool to be used or is it measurable using statistics. To wit: [h]ow similar is TPEM to other previous performance models such as MBNQA, EQA and Kanji’s. What similarities or differences that co-exist between TQM based models such as MBNQA, EQA or Kanji’s and other performance-based models such as Competitive fitness model, Blue-chip characteristics, and World class manufacturing model; {s]ince TPEM is claimed to be beyond quality management perspectives, does the model have strong foundation in management theories.   What theories could explain its performan ce factors or enablers and what are the theoretical roots of model’s performance factors; and [d]o the dimensions identified as enablers (called capabilities, and stakeholder focus in this thesis) affect company performance.This statement should be reduced into simple terms that could be measured, even in practical terms, by a given statistical tools; otherwise, it will be very hard to come up with a concrete answer for these statements.  Ã‚  In like manner, some of the objectives or the specific questions that need to be answered are couched in general terms or even misplaced, to wit:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"[t]theoretically clarify the TPEM within management theories; to clarify each enablers (organizational capability and stakeholder focus) as determined by TQM and other related performance-based models; to clarify the company performance dimension of the result portion of total performance model; to establish a suitable measurement items for each dimension of capability, stakeholder focus and company performance; to validate the dimensions of the model; to test the relationship between each dimension of the capability, stakeholder focus against company performance; to test the structural linkage between organizational capability, stakeholder focus, and company performance with the stakeholder focus as a mediating variable; and to test the goodness of fit of the model.†How can we measure through clarification the company performance dimension of the result portion of total performance model? How can we establish in a statistical terms a suitable measurement items for each dimension of capability, stakeholder focus and company performance? How can we validate the model’s dimension? How can we measure the structural linkage between organizational capability, stakeholder focus, and company performance with the stakeholder focus as a mediating variable? To me this is quite broad and diffused.In the question â€Å"to test the relationship between each dimension of the capability, stakeholder focus against company performance† this should be stated in this manner: Is there a relationship between†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..stakeholders focus and company performance? Lastly, never state in the object the kind of statistical tool to be used as in this case â€Å"to test the goodness of fit of the model.† Use the word â€Å"association or relationship† in forming the specific objectives.  In general, the objective part needs to be re-written in order to respond to the Problem Statement. Otherwise, the aims of the research will not be attained.Significance of the StudyIn this section, the researcher should focus on the study’s significance to its purported end user. Never explain literature or describe the models. Stay on the unique significance of the present study to the community or organization where the researcher belongs.Definition of TermsThe definition of term lacks the conceptual and operational definition of terms of selected words unique to the study. The researcher only includes a purported definition without even citing the correct reference of each term of words. Also, the researcher failed to include the operational definition of this words as used in the thesis or dissertation.ReferenceShearer, C (1994). Practical Continuous Improvement for Professional Services, ASQC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quality Press, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, p. 163-165.

Make Recommendations for Improving Your Health Education Campaign Essay

The health education topic which I choose is sun awareness. I choose this campaign because more people are going on holidays and using sun beds and not being aware of the dangers and what it can cause. The 2009-10 National Skin Cancer Awareness Campaign is targeting to as low as 14-40 years as research has shown that these ages are still getting sun burnt each weekend in summer, and cumulative exposure to ultra violet radiation over your lifetime and episodes of sunburn increase the risk of skin cancer. This is because people can now afford to go on holidays more often and are not using sun cream and covering up. Also people at the age of 18 are now using sun beds more often because appearance means a lot to people at that age. They are becoming more self conscious about themselves and are using sun beds to get a quick, cheap and easy tan. My s. m. a. r. t objectives for skin cancer is SunSmart Policy to: Increase the knowledge and awareness of skin cancer. Assist to develop strategies that encourage responsible decision making about skin protection, including not sun baking. Work towards a safe school environment that provides shade for students and staff. Encourage students, parents, teachers, and staff to wear protective clothing, sunglasses, hats and sunscreen during high risk times such as lunch times, sports, excursions and camps. Ensure that parents are informed of the school’s SunSmart policy. Sun protection and skin cancer awareness programs are incorporated into the Health and Physical Education areas of the school curriculum. Wear the correct protection Clothing when out in the sun. The school is working towards increasing and/or maintaining shade in its grounds, particularly in areas where students congregate eg. Lunch, canteen, decking areas. Also to start showing the dangers of the sun and sun beds and try not to advertise sun beds. To try and make people follow these objectives I could make people aware of the dangers by showing them horrific pictures of skin cancer and the affects of sun burn. By showing them these images it would stick in there head and they would try and stop in taking a stupid amount of UV. By making videos of people with skin cancer could make them aware of how dangerous the sun is and using sun beds are. Also how the skin is affected by the sun by making you age. I think for my choice of approach I would make a presentation to a group of people making them aware of the causes of skin cancer. by doing this each person which intakes the awareness would hopefully tell there friends and the friends would tell other people which would make it a on going process to eventually people would realize the dangers. Hopefully this will help them adapt to sun smart and how important it is to just listen. The media which im going to choose posters, leaflets and games. This is a effective way to promote my campaign. There fun always full with bright colors and easy to understand. I think this is a good idea for my age range audience as its to 14-40. I think they will understand my media well and hopefully it will get to them. I will show pictures on my posters which are eye catching. These could be what a skin cancer mole looks like. Hopefully the audience will be educated by this and know what there looking for. I will also show badly burned people, this will scare the audience and make them use more sun cream and cover up. My game will be easy to use and fun. It will give someone good knowledge of skin cancer and the sun smart campaign and what’s it all about.

Global Growing Challenges Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Growing Challenges - Case Study Example International Monetary Fund has also confirmed the fact that the ten fastest growing economies of the world would be emerging as powerful nations in the near future (Dewhurst, Harris and Heywood â€Å"The Global Company’s Challenge†). Against this backdrop, the discussion in this report would be on the growing global challenges that a plastic bottle manufacturing company, Logoplaste was facing. The objective would be to conduct a strategic analysis of the company, its products and the industry it is functioning in. This would assist in identification of the critical success factors for the growth and development of the company. Company Overview Logoplaste, a company that produced rigid plastic containers, was established in the year 1976. This company has been a pioneer in the plastic packaging segment since a span of 35 years. It has more than 60 factories in 16 locations around the world. Logoplaste utilizes state-of-the-art machineries in its factories. It follows ju st-in-time and â€Å"Hole in the wall† method of product delivery, which gives the company an advantage over its competitors. Logoplaste is the third largest company for container transformer in Europe and second largest in Brazil. The goal of the company is to attend an annual growth of 15 percent in every country it has its operation in and acquire a new business contract every year. This goal of the company is inspired by its vision, which states that in order to retain the position in the industry; the company should keep on growing in terms of size and revenue (â€Å"Logoplaste Activity†). Business Model The business model of the company is based on five pillars; focus, close relation with customers, win-win approach, services and investment. In order to maintain a balance between these pillars, Logoplaste has certain strategies, which provides competitive edge to the company. Logoplaste consider itself to be a global player, so it focuses on the leading companies present in the market. The motto of the company is to invest in technology and innovate, so that not only the company can grow but its employees can mature in terms of their standard of living (â€Å"Logoplaste Activity†). Customers Logoplaste mainly functions in the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) segment. The customers of Logoplaste are Procter & Gamble and Coca Cola are the largest customers of the company, which Logoplaste supplies containers and packages for many well-known FMCG companies around the world. The FMCG companies find the plastic containers to be the most convenient and cheap alternative for product packaging. Almost all the FMCG companies directly or indirectly avail plastic containers of Logoplaste (Alcacer and Leitao 1-19). Distribution Transporting the plastic containers in high volume is economically unviable because when they are empty there are ample chances of damage. This is the reason why the suppliers of the containers set their plants near the filter plants of the clients, so as to eliminate the cost of transportation, but this decreases the diversification benefits and scale (Alcacer and Lei

Being socially responsible is the key for organization success. Do you Assignment

Being socially responsible is the key for organization success. Do you agree with this statement Support your viewpoints on t - Assignment Example Corporate social responsibility does not have a common definition as many companies understand, interpret and apply the concept differently. For instance, the activities that the company A can engage in as part of their corporate social responsibility program cannot be the same activities that company B will apply. As such, defining the concept becomes difficult. Even so, considering all aspects of the concept, a broad definition can be established. The general definition for the concept states that: corporate social responsibility refers to the deliberate efforts by the organization beyond its business obligations to do appropriate things and engage in behavior that is appealing to the society. This paper seeks to explain how embracing the idea of corporate social responsibility can have a positive impact on the profits f an organization. One of the most notable ways through which corporate social responsibility of a company impacts on its revenues is through the reduction of the ex penses it incurs. One of the most prominent ways through which a corporation can reduce its expenses, is through the fact that a socially responsible corporation will likely receive tax incentives from the government (Mackey et al, 2007). Such incentives may come in the form of tax holidays, periodic relief and reduction in tax burden. A company usually pays tax out of its annual profits. Tax is a pre-dividend deduction. In the event that it is not deducted, the net income of the company will possibly be high. As a result, the amount of money accruing to each member or shareholder will be considerably high. Governments across the world are finding the need to have companies participate in social matters. It is for this point that they promote the concept of social responsibility. They reward those companies that engage in such activities as prevention of soil erosion, reforestation and provision of social amenities. Under normal circumstances, the amount spent in the execution of th e social activities is too little compared to the tax savings made. The second way through which corporate social responsibility pays out is that it helps a company gain an upper hand in the industry. Research carried out in California in the year 2008 indicated that the average consumer was likelier to purchase commodities from a socially responsible firm, than one that is unconcerned about the welfare of the general public. It is an issue of common knowledge that in the business world, today, competition is serious in all industries. This is so because of advancement in technology and the effects of globalism. One of the ways of surviving the completion, especially among the multi- national companies, is through engaging in activities that contribute to the wellbeing of the society (Bishop, 2008). Consumers associate a socially responsible firm with an excellent public image. This plays a primary psychological role in the minds of the community. It is from such psychological pheno mena that the potential clients get to prefer the corporation that is socially responsible. This, in turn, translates to an increase in revenue. An increase in revenue is connected to an increase in the profits of the concerned corporation. Much like total quality management, corporate social responsibility is a social transaction. A social transaction is a process through which different

International view of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International view of economics - Essay Example The primary factor to conceptualize would be the fact that every country pursues business differently. Laws affect the ways in which business is conducted from region to region and country to country. Negotiations are never conducted exactly as they would be where you have pursued such actions in any city, in any state in whichever country from which you originate. Knowledge and understanding of how others conduct business is an incredible advantage toward the understanding of global managerial economic situations. For example, where the deal is always the single most important consideration to Americans, the details and the way those details are ironed out would be more important for Europeans and Asians. This is where cultures clash in the board room. Something many who are experienced in global economic management would state unequivocally. David C. Korten in his discussion with the National Council of Churches explains that "We presently live under two competing systems of global governance: The Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations. The former is primarily aligned with the corporate interest and the latter is primarily aligned with the human and natural interest." (Korten, David. C.; Global Economics; June 2003.) The problem with these competing systems of global economic governance is that they never meet in the middle.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example The author achieves this by employing superior common ground, detached diction, and an academic tone to place the reader on a scholarly level observing an ancient disciplinary measures practice. The author in his book wrote about the Panopticon under the title â€Å"Panopticism† where he metaphorically alludes to the way authority takes charge and control of the people. He uses the seventeenth century order and case scenario to show the reader how people’s respect for the ones in power comes from their fear of the authority as opposed to the authority’s actual strength. The order was formulated at a time when the plague rose, and it functioned to separate people one by one from the eldest to the youngest, in terms of towns, classes, as well as individuals. This in terms of rule and authority was the ideal method of running a city. Having isolated everyone to quarters and giving orders to be followed, which the people feared to break for the consequences that would follow. The common ground for â€Å"Panopticism† is surveillance or the watchful eye of the law or authority instilling conditional obedience in its subjects through rule of fear. Theoretically speaking, the Panopticon is a building constructed in the shape of a circle with holding cells in multiple rings, built in a storey form. A tower is erected in the center of the rings in order to observe the prisoner’s activity. Each cell has sufficient room for holding one person and is partitioned by a wall from the next to deter prisoners from seeing each other as well as eliminate chances for mob action. The front side is blocked with bars while the back has a window to let in light so that the prisoner cannot hide. The author uses this model/theory to prove the effect of using fear to quarantine people and make them very submissive to authority. The people in the text were ordered to stay indoors, and none was to leave on pain of death. The syndics were given authority over

Organisational Culture and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Culture and Leadership - Essay Example The definition of leadership is founded on the possession of a distinctive skill to influence people towards attaining set goals and objectives (Tsai, 2011). Since each organization has its own culture that governs it, the result is that there is no universally acceptable leadership style or leader. However, it is believed that provided a leadership takes into consideration the culture within the organization, the results will be great (Tsai, 2011). The first dominant framework on leadership was the Trait Theory or the â€Å"Great Men† Theory which was proposed in the early twentieth century. The theory considers â€Å"personality, social, physical or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from non-leaders† (Shoup, 2005, p.2). This theory ascribes conventional qualities like ambition and energy, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, and knowledge to leaders and holds that leaders are born, not made. Mid-twentieth century saw the rise of the Behavio urist school of leadership which emphasized on the actions and dominant behavior of the leaders and highlighted the leaders’ behavior on the job, use of authority and task-relationship orientation. Later, scholars such as Fred Fiedler realized that a leader must match his/her situation and leadership style should vary depending on the situation and context. This gave way to the third phase of leadership studies, known as the Contingency school, which focussed on job constitution, leader-member association, and power position.

Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film Review - Essay Example he film highlights the battle of the Alamo and the 189 Texians (American-born Texans) and Tejanos (Mexican-born Texans) who â€Å"gave their lives† so that â€Å"a nation might live,† central to the film is Sam Houston and his role in the founding of an independent Texas. In 1835, the Texans had achieved partial success in capturing San Antonio de Bexar from the Mexicans. Federalists, among them Sam Houston, were optimistic that as more Americans settled in Texas, it would survive as an independent republic, but not without a professional army. An â€Å"illustrious† and popular Congressman from Tennessee, Davy Crockett was among those who responded to Sam Houston’s impassioned call. However, Sam Houston was relieved as commander of the Texas army by the provisional government, in opposition to his proposal to raise a genuine military force (Bohem). The Alamo which served as a fort on the outskirts of San Antonio de Bexar was a neglected mission. Colonel James Clinton Neill, who was mainly responsible for maintaining the fort, knew, only too well, how vulnerable the Alamo was. Convinced that volunteers alone could not defend San Antonio, Sam Houston wanted the Alamo abandoned and ordered Colonel James Bowie to destroy the fort. Contrary to this plan, the official government sent Lieutenant Colonel William Travis and a number of soldiers as re-enforcement, with little else, to defend San Antonio. Ironically, the Alamo became the last â€Å"stronghold† of the people of San Antonio from the advancing Mexican army under the dictator General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. From February to March of 1836, an army of 2,000 men laid siege against the mission, killing all defenders, taking no prisoners. The film details the siege and the final assault on the mission, showing the humanity, the courage and the heroism of Alamo’s defenders, led by the Col.William Travis, James Bowie and David Crockett. A month later (April 21, 1836), inflamed by the massacre in the

Developments of research on Parkinson's disease Essay

Developments of research on Parkinson's disease - Essay Example Effects of Parkinson’s disease vary from person to person; from severe disability of controlling movements to just mere trembling of the hands. It is an unpredictable disorder. To some it advances fast eventually leading to their death, while to others the progress is slow. Today there are about1 million people with Parkinson’s disease in the United States and it is approximated that 60, 000 Americans add to that statistic annually. With the ever growing population of PD patients, it is unfortunate that up until now this disorder has no definite cure. However, scientists and researchers the world over have made significant developments this past few decades towards attaining a cure for Parkinson’s disease. Currently there are numerous medications available to delay the onset of motor dysfunction for PD patients. The idea behind these medications is to replenish the dopamine level in the brain either by replacing dopamine, by mimicking the effect of it, or by prolonging the effect of it by slowing the process of its breakdown. The method has been effective in providing great relief from the symptoms of the disease. Early medications on PD include dopamine agonists, a substance that mimics the function of dopamine; and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors, a substance that reduce the breakdown of dopamine. These medications are very effective in relieving symptoms concerning motor controls. Researches later on gave way to the development of levodopa medication. Levodopa is a substance converted into dopamine when it reached the brain. It is usually administered in conjunction with carbidopa which is the primary agent preventing levodopa from breaking down until it reaches its destination. Although levodopa aids majority of the PD patients, only some of the symptoms respond effectively to the drug. The treatment is mostly effective to

Book Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Analysis - Essay Example His efforts in the fight for the rights of different people gained him respect and admiration across the globe. This is the first ever written hypothetical book that highlights the plights that arose when Castro left office. The book explains the truth on the life of Che Guevara on his mission during his lifetime. Che Guevara went for an exile when his was in his revolutionary mission in Bolivia. Many thought he had passed on after he went missing during the period he was away in exile. Later he came back to the public face and fights for the good of the people as his main mission and aim. The book is a biography on the life and death of Che Guevera. Body This section highlights different thematic issues that surround this book. It is important to highlight that this themes will be explained in a vivid manner. I will also highlight different justifications for the themes and how they relate to the author and Che Guevara. Revolution Revolution is seen as the main theme. In the novel, the main theme that is clearly highlighted, and comes out clearly is Che Guevara’s fight for revolution. In the novel, the author talks much of Che Guevera in his mission as a revolutionist. He fought a guerilla type of warfare and his main target in the revolutionary mission was on the call for unity and fights against the racial discrimination on the country. In the novel, John Blackthorm has discussed the various conferences where Che was giving his speech on the call for unity in the country. Unity This book has highlighted the theme of unity. Unity is an aspect that has been stressed by the author. The author has connected this theme with Che Guevara in a better manner. Such issues have been explained in vibrant manner. Che was seen to unify different people in the fight for people’s rights. This book has noted that one of the instances where Che was calling on the unity of the people was in the international conference on the global disarmament and his message wa s that there should be unity among all the anti-colonialists and the imperialist’s movements and there should be a common cause between them and the community. Che worked closely with Castro in the role they undertook of fighting against individualism in the society. He rather encouraged unity and people to work as a whole unit in the state. In brief, it is true to note that Che Guavara has earned respect for his efforts in ensuring unity. Discrimination The book reveals clearly that Che worked for the benefit of the people and not a spy on the people. In the speeches that Che made in various conferences, He in many times wanted for free soviet help. In the partnership that Che made with Washington, this was for the strengthening of the economy of Cuba and against the Soviet Union. Che referred to the racial discrimination that led to the apartheid system in the country. In his speech, Che Guevera said, "How can countries that murder its own children and discriminates between them daily, because of the color of their skins and allows the Negroes murderers to go scot free. Actually protects them and punishes the Negroes for demanding for respect for their lawful rights as human beings, claim to be the guardian of liberty?" In the novel, the instances that remains unforgettable in my entire life. The first one is the case where the writer acknowledges the fruits

Life in the Colonial Cities Essay Example for Free

Life in the Colonial Cities Essay The people of early colonial America settled mainly in rural areas and farms. Eventually, by the end of the 18th century, cities became dominant settlements over the rural regions. The cities of colonial America were heavily influences by British; the latest fashions of dress, social ideas, and furniture among other things were imported from Great Britain. As the size of cities grew, problems in health and sanitation began to arise. Throughout all of the major cities, taverns were the common places where everyone would meet. The cities of colonial America helped spread the European Enlightenment across the Atlantic. This in turn helped create an American Enlightenment movement, which started primarily in the major cities. Cities helped develop the advancement of learning in science, literature, and the arts. They were also centers for manufacturing and commerce, where industry boomed. The major cities of America included Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Newport, and Charleston. In these large cities, many problems began to surface. These difficulties involved health, sanitation, police protection, and fire prevention. To decrease these problems meant that the city would have to work together and stop with individualistic ways. Philadelphia was the most heavily populated, and most sophisticated of the major cities. They had brick roads and sidewalks including street lamps, which turned on every night. There was a regular night watch along with volunteers for fire protection and there were also many booksellers. Some people were unhappy with Philadelphias design while others thought the city to be a masterpiece. Boston was another populous city, thanks to its elegance and in general the manners of its people. The people of Boston had many luxuries, such as coach rides where slaves served the customers. Also, the Mall was a very popular place among the people. The Mall was a beautiful Common with trees and paths, which was an imitation of St Jamess Park. Although Boston was not as  densely populated as Philadelphia, Boston offered a cleaner and more open society. New York City preserved many of its native Dutch traditions and qualities. A lot of the buildings were built of brick, which was the common Dutch style. New York also had developed into the headquarters of the British North American Army. Many New Yorkers were influenced greatly by Britain, which meant that the people were considered to have excellent manners. Taverns were the centers of social life in the cities, also called the principal social institution of colonial America. The taverns social class ranged greatly depending on its surrounding areas. Some taverns housed the low lifes and poor people while others only accepted gentleman. Most of the pubs were a place for common people to discuss any matters at hand. Some say the foundation of the Revolutionary War was planned in taverns. Some people felt as if taverns were causing some problems in society. Benjamin Franklin was one of the major figures that tried to limit the number of taverns in cities. He argued that the number of taverns might cause poverty to many of the people and the surrounding neighborhood. However, taverns could be considered good to the cities because they were the closest form of business enterprise in colonial America to this point. Although in the early years of colonial America, many people resided in the rural areas, the cities became more populated over time. Taverns were a main reason for people moving from farms to the cities. The conditions of the city werent excellent, as the water supply was not very sanitary and garbage disposal was a major issue. However, these factors made for the beginning of a new nation and helped form how America is today.

Human Morality Essay Example for Free

Human Morality Essay A common question throughout history has always been about human morality. Because of our higher thinking capacity, we are hardwired to adapt and refine our basic instincts to survive; therefore, it is obvious this question would be disputed throughout time. Are humans innately good, bad, or plainly neutral? The position that any one person takes may be derived from any number of ideas, be them philosophical thoughts or scientific inquiries. This essay asserts that morality is innate, and uses both scientific studies and ideas from philosophers to support this argument. Man is essentially good, and the different ways people are nurtured—from societal influences to parental influences—creates the large spectrum and variety of behavior that may not be deemed â€Å"good† or â€Å"moral. † The magazine Smithsonian published an article named â€Å"Born to Be Mild† in January of 2013 on morality in young children. This article wrote about a few different studies done on children by three different experimenters. In one of the studies titled â€Å"Spontaneous Altruism by Chimpanzees and Young Children,† Felix Warneken tested the morality of humans through young babies (because they have had little to no socialization) and also tested morality of chimpanzees, the closest relative to humans. In this study, 18-month-old toddlers were tested to see if they would help others in need by retrieving a dropped item that an adult struggled for. In almost all instances, the child returned the item. Warneken stated, â€Å"[Helping at that age] is not something that’s been trained, and [the children] come to help without prompting or without being rewarded† (Tucker 39). Not only did the toddlers help people in need, they also helped without social cues (such as the distress someone in need has). Many toddlers in the experiment Warneken created helped retrieve a can that had fallen off a table next to an adult and the adult failed to realize something was amiss. When Warneken tested the chimpanzees to see if they would return the same answers, he tested chimpanzees that were nursery-raised and semi-wild chimps. Both tests displayed the same results as the tests on the toddlers—chimpanzees were willing to help both humans and other chimps in need with no reward for themselves (Tucker 39-41). The fact that most of the toddlers and human relatives, the chimpanzees, helped others in need both with and without social cues strongly points to the idea that human morality is innate. A second study highlighted in the Smithsonian article was a reproduction of a previous study from the mid-2000s. The original study was an animated presentation shown to six to ten month old babies in one group and three month old babies in a second. The animated presentation consisted of a red circle attempted to climb a hill. In one instance, a triangle helped the circle climb, and in another, a square knocked the circle down. When the square and triangle were presented to the older group of babies, almost all babies chose the helping triangle over the hindering square. For the younger group, the researchers tracked the eye movement of the babies to either the triangle or square, because the babies could not physically grab the object. In the reproduction, done by another experimenter, the results were the same. Once again, evidence suggests that because babies seem so morally good, humans are innately good, and it is the nurture we receive as we are socialized into this culture that may cause some people to seem morally corrupt (Tucker 38-39). It should be noted that because the reproduction provided the same results as the original study, an even stronger case was created for the idea of innate human morality. The messages that Machiavelli gives in â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† may cause one to believe that humans are innately evil because through â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince,† Machiavelli details how to be cunning, take control, and maintain control as a ruler of a province. His teachings seem to create humans as greedy people, hungry for more. This is actually very incorrect. Machiavelli clearly states, â€Å"it is necessary for a prince†¦to learn how to not be good† (42). I emphasize that Machiavelli wrote a man must learn to not be good. One can assume from this that Machiavelli is saying man is at least in some degree, wholesome and moral. After all, humans were never meant to civilize and evolve. We are, in true form, animals that have an instinct to survive. Ruling and gaining power is a man-made idea. Opponents to the idea that humans are moral might suggest that if ruling is man-made, evil is already within us because we created the concept of ruling others; however, if man were truly evil, he would not take murder as a heavy offense, and would kill others in his way to get what he wants instead of just gaining control. The examples of rulers that Machiavelli writes help to reiterate this point. These men were not born thinking of war and control. They were raised and socialized to lead and gain power. Steinbeck and the messages he delivers in The Grapes of Wrath also point to the idea that human morality is innate. The author often writes of the distinct line of those with, and those without—in other words, the owners and the migrants or farmers. Steinbeck makes a point to write about how close-knit the migrants are in many instances. Steinbeck writes â€Å"‘I lost my land’ is changed†¦[to] ‘We lost our land. ’,† ‘I have a little food’ plus ‘I have none’†¦. is ‘We have a little food’† (151); â€Å"the twenty families became one family† (193); and â€Å"when a baby dies a pile of silver coins grew at the door flap† (195). All of these quotes show the goodness in others, to do something for someone in need. This is all in contrast to the owners, which on multiple different pages Steinbeck writes how disconnected they are from the land, and â€Å"the quality of owning freezes you forever into ‘I’† (Steinbeck 152). These owners are so encompassed by the material culture around them, by the greed and the blanketed reality that they cannot see with a moral compass anymore. Of course they have one, for at one point they might have been like the farmers, caring for others and instituted into the â€Å"we† group. Proponents for human neutrality might argue that the owners were never at any point good, that they were neutral and socialized into the owning culture, unlike the farming culture. This is not the case, however, through a passage that Steinbeck wrote very early in The Grapes of Wrath, which said, â€Å"Some of the owner men were kind because they hated what they had to do, and some of them were angry because they hated to be cruel, and some of them were cold because they had long ago found that one could not be an owner unless one were cold† (31). This insinuates that in all types of owners, there is a moral compass. Even in the coldest owners, deep within them, they acknowledge the idea that the work they do is wrong. Because the owners know what is wrong, they know the opposite as well—what is right. If the owners were not innately good, their views on what is right or wrong would be skewed by their societal influences. While people will never give up the argument of human morality, it is a safe bet to argue that humans are innately good. We possess the ability to help spontaneously and without reward, as shown in the scientific studies, and we understand what is right and wrong. Our societal influences and the way we were raised affects if we will channel our morality or go against it, as shown by Machiavelli in â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† and by Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo. â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince. † A World of Ideas. Ed. Lee Jacobus. 8th e. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1939. Print. Tucker, Abigail. â€Å"Born to Be Mild. † Smithsonian Jan. 2013: 35-41, 76-77. Print.

Mechanisms and Effects of Plant Hormones in Organogenesis

Mechanisms and Effects of Plant Hormones in Organogenesis Abstract Plant tissue culture plays important roles in agriculture field by improving the production and quality of crops using recombinant DNA technology. The mechanisms and effects of plant hormones in promoting organogenesis in different types of plants are only partially understood. Using petunia leaves and carrot, the effects of auxin and cytokinin were investigated by carrying out organogenesis. The leaves and carrots were placed in NAA, kinetin and BAP in few combinations of different ratio for 5 weeks and were observed for any growth of roots and shoots. The results showed that petunia leaves and carrot slices placed in high NAA formed roots but no shoots were formed while only callus and shoots were formed for those in high kinetin or BAP. The petunia leaves in BAP also formed shoots while no shoots were found for those placed in kinetin. This indicated that NAA promotes root formation while kinetin and BAP stimulates shoot emergence and balanced composition of auxin and cytokinin wi ll initiate both roots and shoots formation. Also, BAP was found to be more effective in promoting shoot formation as compared to kinetin. Further research has to be carried out using different auxin and cytokinin on more plant species with longer period of time. Keywords: Plant tissue culture, Auxin, Cytokinin, NAA, BAP, kinetin, petunia leaves, carrot, roots, shoots Introduction: Plant tissue culture is a set of laboratory procedures that involve in-vitro growing of plant cells, tissues and organs using the nutrient medium in sterile conditions (Chawla, 2009). Plant tissue culture plays important roles in crop improvement as it improves the quality of plants by exploiting the genetic information of the plants through genetic engineering (Brown Thorpe, 1995). Advantageous traits can also be screened and inserted to the plants with this method to make the plants resistant to herbicide and pesticide and even more tolerant to the harsh environment. This in turn increases the production of crops with lesser input of cost and energy. Besides that, plant tissue culture also plays important roles in biodiversity conservation. This is because with recombinant DNA technology, endangered species of plants can be cloned and prevented from extinction. It also helps in studying the plant evolution as it allows the genetic relationship of distantly related species to be id entified. According to Thiel et al. (2008), plant hormones are largely involved in influencing the cellular differentiation in plant tissue culture. They are organic compounds that regulate the growth and development of target cells. There are five main types of plant hormones which are the auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene. Auxin is the hormone that causes the plants to carry out cell division and elongation (Chawla, 2009). It also involves in differentiation of callus which causes the emergence of roots first meanwhile inhibiting shoot formation. It is found to inhibit the abscisic acid activities but stimulate the synthesis of ethylene. In contrast, cytokinin promotes shoot formation but suppress the formation of roots (Chawla, 2009). Gibberellins involves in the elongation or regeneration of existing meristems. Besides that, abscisic acid influences the embryogenesis but suppresses growth. In seeds, abscisic acid often plays roles in retaining the seeds in dormancy . Ethylene is a gaseous chemical produced by amino acid and diffuses in the air to promote fruits ripening and abscission (Chawla, 2009). In this experiment, the carrot and petunia leaves were excised from the explants and were cultivated with plant tissue culture by carrying out organogenic differentiation in the MS media containing auxin (NAA) and cytokinin (kinetin or BAP). The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of auxin and cytokinin in different concentrations ratios on the organogenesis of petunia leaves and carrots. The differences between kinetin and BAP on the growth of petunia leaves and carrots were also studied and compared. Materials and methods: In this experiment, two different types of plants were used which are the petunia leaves and carrots. For the petunia leaves, 18 robust and healthy leaves were excised using the sterilized forceps and scalpel. These leaves were soaked in the 10% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for not more than 5 minutes and were rinsed thrice with sterile water in a laminar flow cabinet. Meanwhile, 8 petri dishes containing the Murashige-Skoog (MS) media for tissue culture supplemented with different combination of cytokinin and auxin concentration which were the NAA: Kinetin and NAA: BAP with ratio 2:0, 0.5:1, 1:0.5 and 0:2 respectively were labeled. Besides that, a control petri dish with MS media without supplement of any plant hormones was also set up. For each of these 9 petri dishes, 2 petunia leaves were placed with the abaxial surface in contact with the MS media. The procedure was repeated with carrots slices which were cut from the carrot with sterilized forceps and scalpel. 3 carrot slices were placed on each of the petri dishes. The effects of the plant hormones on the petunia leaves and carrot slices were checked every three days for 5 weeks and the results were recorded. Any leaves or carrot slices contaminated with fungi were eliminated by transferring the uncontaminated leaves to the new petri dish MS media during the experiment. Discussion: From the result, it was shown that all the petunia leaves and carrot slices in all petri dish with NAA, kinetin or BAP formed callus. As proposed by Che et al. (2006), when the explants are transferred to culture media, plant hormones such as auxin and cytokinin will initiate callus formation. This shows that the NAA, kinetin and BAP have caused the leaves or carrot slices to differentiate into callus. As for the control petri dish without auxin and cytokinin, there should not have any callus, roots or shoots formed as plant hormones are needed in order to have callus formed from cell differentiation. The petunia leaves have no callus and roots but shoots were formed while the carrot slices form callus but not roots and shoots. This may due to the contamination of plants hormones during the excision and transferring of leaves to the MS media as the forceps and scalpel may not be sterilized properly. Roots were formed on the petunia leaves in 2:0 NAA and kinetin and 2:0 NAA and BAP. This appeared to be the same for the carrot slices in 2:0 NAA and kinetin and 2:0 NAA and BAP as there were also roots formed. This is due to the high level of auxin which stimulates the transcription of auxin-responsive gene to promote root formation from the callus (Moubayidin et al., 2009). However, there was no shoot formed on all these leaves and carrot slices. This may due to the reason that the formation of shoot requires cytokinin and this hormone was absent. Hence, no shoots were formed. Also, the high level of auxin will suppress the shoot formation of the callus (Shimizu-sato et al., 2009). The petunia leaves in 1:0.5 NAA and BAP formed shoots and roots. The auxin induces the formation of roots while the cytokinin induces the formation of shoots. However, the petunia leaves in 1:0.5 NAA and kinetin did not form shoots and roots. This is because BAP is more effective than kinetin in initiating shoot formation as it is the most active form of cytokinin (Khandel et al., 2011). Similarly, the carrot slices in 1:0.5 NAA and kinetin and 1:0.5 NAA and BAP did not form shoot and roots. According to Moubayidin et al. (2009), only balanced composition of auxin and cytokinin will causes the explants to form roots and shoots. Since the ratio of auxin and cytokinin used was 1:0.5 at which the concentration of cytokinin was lesser, the absence of shoots may due to low concentration of cytokinin which is insufficient to induce the formation of shoot on the leaves. Also, the presence of cytokinin which suppresses the differentiation in root meristematic cells may also inhibit the root from emerging (Moubayidin et al., 2009). The time taken for the experiment is also one of the reasons as the time may not be enough to see the shoot and root formation. As for the 0.5:1 NAA and kinetin, roots were found to form on the petunia leaves and carrot leaves in respectively as auxin which induces root formation was present. However, the leaves and carrot slices in 0.5:1 NAA and BAP did not have roots formation. Besides that, shoots were also formed on the petunia leaves placed on 0.5:1 NAA and BAP but this did not appear to be the same for leaves in 0.5:1 NAA and kinetin. As stated by Chawla (2009), cytokinin promotes the cell division and elongation of shoots. As compared to the leaves in 0.5:1 NAA and kinetin at which no shoots are formed, it can be seen that BAP than the kinetin is better in inducing shoot formation (Buah et al., 2010). The carrot slices in 0.5:1 NAA and kinetin or BAP did not form shoot. One possible reason for the absence of roots and shoot on petunia leaves and carrot slices is that there was not sufficient time for the shoot and root formation to be observed and longer time is required. It can also be seen that only the petunia leaves in 0:2 NAA and BAP showed the emergence of shoot. This indicated that cytokinin in the form of BAP acts in stimulating the cell division and differentiation to form shoot. The absence of shoots for the petunia leaves in 0:2 NAA and kinetin showed that kinetin is weaker in initiating shoot formation as compared to BAP. The rest of the petunia leaves and carrot slices in 2:0 NAA and kinetin and 2:0 NAA and BAP did not have shoots. This is because the time taken for the observation of the leaves and carrot was too short and the shoots were yet to emerge. All the leaves and carrot slices in 0:2 auxin to cytokinin did not have roots as NAA was not added to the media to promote root initiation and elongation. In this experiment, carrot slices and petunia leaves were used to study the effects of auxin and cytokinin. This was to allow comparisons of effectiveness of tissue culture using different types of explants to be done. As stated by Akin-Idowu et al. (2009), carrot is the root of a plant with actively-dividing meristematic cells and it provides advantages to successful tissue culture with higher mass of differentiated cells. Petunia leaves on the other hand contain less actively-dividing cells. Thus, the callus, root and shoot formation of carrot slices should be more as compared to that of petunia leaves. One of the leaves was removed in petri dish with 1:0.5 and 0:2 NAA and kinetin respectively. This is because the leaves were found to be infected with micro-organisms such as fungi due to contamination. This may cause the petunia leaves to die off, leading to unnoticeable effects of the kinetin and NAA on the growth of the leaves. According to Odutayo et al. (2007), the presence of microbes in the plant tissue culture retards shoots and roots formation. Thus, in order to get accurate results, the contaminated leaves were removed to prevent the spreading of the microbes to the other leaf on the petri dishes. The contamination of the tissues culture may due to insufficient sterilization of the forceps and scalpels used. Also, the petri dishes containing the MS media with the leaves may also not fully enclose which creates passage for the microbes to enter. Conclusion: In conclusion, high amount of NAA promotes root formation while inhibiting shoot formation. On the other hand, kinetin or BAP in high concentration initiates shoot formation but suppressing root formation. The absence of NAA causes no roots to be formed while the absence of kinetin or BAP causes no formation of shoots. The absence of roots on leaves or carrot slices with NAA or absence of shoot on leaves and carrot slices with kinetin or BAP may due to the reason that insufficient time was given to observe the plants and the roots and shoots were yet to emerge. BAP is more effective in stimulating the emergence of shoot as compared to kinetin as it is the most active cytokinin. Also, carrot is more effective than petunia leaves in tissue culture as it contains actively dicing meristematic cells.

Superconductivity Essay -- essays research papers fc

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Superconductivity is a phenomenon displayed by certain conductors that show no resistance to the flow of electric current. Conductors are materials in which the electron current goes through. There are 4 different kinds of conductors. Insulators, like glass or wood, have a very high resistance to electron current while semi-conductors, such as silicon, have a medium resistance. Conductors, like copper and other metals, have very low resistance, and superconductors, comprised of certain metals such as mercury and ceramics such as lanthanum-barium-copper-oxide, have no resistance. Resistance is an obstacle in the flow of electricity. Superconductors also have strong diamagnetism. In other words, they are repelled by magnetic fields. Due to these special characteristics of superconductors, no electrical energy is lost while flowing and since magnetic levitation above a superconductor is possible. This principle is employed in high-speed trains that travel at 483 km/h (300 mph) while lev itating on a cushion of air. MAKING OF THE SUPERCONDUCTOR When superconductivity was first discovered, it was established that the compounds needed to be cooled to within several degrees Kelvin to absolute zero (zero Kelvin). The large amount of cooling was done by putting the compound in liquid helium. Helium, which is usually a gas, liquefies when its temperature drops to 4 K. Once the material had cooled to that temperature, it became a superconductor. However, using liquid helium to cool down material has been a problem. Liquid helium is very expensive, and the cooling equipment is very large. In the past, there was no economic incentive to replace ordinary conductors with superconductors because the cooling costs for superconductors were so high. Scientists have found two ways to overcome the cooling problems. The first is to find a way to cool the material using something less expensive and less bulky than liquid helium. The second way is to raise the temperatures that are necessary to cause superconductivity in the metals, or the cri tical temperatures. By combining materials into superconducting alloys, the temperature was raised slightly. By 1933, the critical temperature was at 10 K, and it wasn't until 1969 when the critical temperature was raised to 23 K and scientists tried, unsuccessfully, to raise it again. The... ...ving atoms wandered out of the field, while the coldest atoms stayed in the center. Very few atoms could escape the coldness at the center, and the center is what became the new state of matter. Future Developments In the future, many scientists expect to have many new things due to superconductivity. Room temperature superconductivity would totally revolutionize the electrical power industry by making copper wires obsolete. Superconductivity would also improve transportation by changing the way trains, cars, and ships run. Magnetically levitated trains have the advantages of speed and quiet operation and the same magnetic levitation could be used with cars. Drivers would travel as fast as 150 mph on a highway and they would never have to worry about collisions. Ships propelled by superconducting motors would weigh less and would be more maneuverable. In conclusion, superconductivity will have a tremendous impact on our future, totally revolutionizing our way of life. Works Cited Seeber, Bernd Handbook of Applied Superconductivity University of Geneva Switzerland, 1998 Kresin, Vladimir. and Wolf, Stuart Fundamentals of Superconductivity New York and London Plunum Press., 1990

Photosensitive Epilepsy :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Photosensitive Epilepsy A 17-year-old girl falls to the floor. She was playing the video game Dark Warrior. Her father, who is a video game repairman, fears that she has been electrocuted. The girl has fanatically played one game after another for years, and nothing like this has happened before. She is rushed to the hospital where doctors determine that she has had an epileptic seizure. An unusual bright flashing sequence in the game seems to have set her off (1) . Two 13-year-old girls are playing Super Mario Brothers. When the pace of the action picks up in the third straight hour of their play, one girl starts to shake and, for three minutes, has nonstop epileptic seizures (1) . Six hundred eighty five Japanese people ranging in age from five to fifty-eight suffer spasms, convulsions, vertigo, and breathing difficulty while watching a colorful cartoon program. Doctors determine that most were suffering from epileptic seizures induced by a flashing white light sequence during the show (2) . In the United States, there are close to one million people with epilepsy-- about 1 in 200 people around the world have epilepsy. For most of those people, video game playing and watching television are not a risky activities. The flashing patterns of certain games and television shows trigger epileptic seizures in only 5% of epileptics (1) . Photosensitive epileptics have with a peak age of onset of 10-14 years, are mostly woman, and experience a decline in the photosensitivity after 25 years of age (3) . In normal brain function millions of tiny electrical charges pass from nerve cells in the brain to all parts of the body. In patients with epilepsy, this normal pattern is interrupted sometimes by sudden and unusually intense bursts of electrical energy, which may briefly affect a person's consciousness, bodily movements, or sensation (4) . During a seizure, nerve cells in the brain fire electrical impulses at a rate of up to four times higher than normal. This causes a sort of electrical storm in the brain (5) . A pattern of repeated seizures is referred to as epilepsy (4) . Seizures cause different physical effects depending on which parts of the brain are involved and how far the signals fan out. Some people have violent seizures that knock them to the floor unconscious and twitching. Others experience less severe seizures that may only blank them out for a few seconds or more.

Comparing Letters from an American Farmer and Thoreaus Various Essays

Comparing Crà ¨vecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer and Thoreau's Various Essays  Ã‚   St. Jean De Crà ¨vecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer and Henry David Thoreau's various essays and journal entries present opposing views of what it means to be an American. To somewhat simplify, both writers agree that there are two kinds of Americans: those who are farmers and those who are not. Crà ¨vecoeur views farmers as the true Americans, and those who are not farmers, such as frontier men, as lawless, idle, inebriated wretches (266). Sixty years later, Thoreau believes the opposite: farmers are doomed and bound to their land, and free men who own nothing posses the only true liberty (9). Both Crà ¨vecoeur and Thoreau judge men and their professions on industry, use of nature, freedom, and lawfulness. As America grew during these six decades, industrialization and higher education created more compact communities unable to economically provide the land needs of farmers. In Crà ¨vecoeur's America, "some few towns excepted, we are all tillers of the earth"(263). In 1850, Thoreau's Concord was among the many towns allowing people to leave their farms for a more urban setting to house their law practices, shoe stores, or surveying businesses. The separation of farmers from the rest of society leads to intellectualizations of the profession by thinkers like Thoreau. Removed from the simple, hard labor of farming, it is easy for urbanized society to forget the farmer's purpose and importance in Western civilization. Crà ¨vecoeur states that "industry, which to me who am but a farmer, is the criterion of everything"(264). Indeed, a lack of industry in any vocation eventually leads to failure. Thoreau, however, sees little value in indu... ...d as Thoreau was from self-supporting agriculture, modern America is light years away. Thoreau's ideal lifestyle is now an impossibility. Many Americans would settle for an unadorned life on a small farm, and a clean, dry home. Possibly the day will come when [the land] will be partitioned off into so-called pleasure-grounds, in which a few will take a narrow and exclusive pleasure only-when fences shall be multiplied, and man-traps and other engines invented to confine men to the public road, and walking over the surface of God's earth shall be construed to mean trespassing on some gentleman's grounds. ... Let us improve our opportunities, then, before the evil days come. (Thoreau 667) Works Cited: Crà ¨vecoeur, J. Hector St. John de. Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America. Ed. Albert E. Stone. New York: Penguin, 1981.

Bright Light Therapy

Bright Light Therapy, also known as light therapy or phototherapy, is a relatively new treatment method that is still being researched to define its usage and effectiveness. Light therapy is the treatment of certain psychological disorders via exposure to bright fluorescent lights for up to four hours a day or as little as fifteen minutes a day. Light exposure is thought to regulate melatonin levels in the blood and, as such, has been most effective in treating seasonally affective disorder or SAD (Columbia 2).However, the method has been researched to treat other common disorders as well. Sleep insomnia, dementia and some forms of skin cancer are a few of the examples. Just like with any other alternative medical treatment to pharmacological methods, light therapy has come under strong critical review and its implementation has been low compared to drug therapies. History Historically, humans were not thought to be affected by seasonal changes in day length (Rohan et al 491).Because of this, currently accepted seasonal disorders such as SAD were not known in the medical field. It was not until doctors researched specific causes of depression that were known to become onset in late fall and remitted in the spring, was a connection made between time of sun exposure and depression (SLBTR. org). A new disorder, SAD had been defined and continues to be hotly debated today. Although light treatment can be dated all the way back to Aristotle, who suggested treatment for certain diseases by lying in the sun, modern methods began in the 1950’s (slbtr.org) Originally, light was used as a device for the removal of skin acne until research on the subject of light therapy was conducted by Dr Lewy in the 1980’s, the founder of the Society for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms (slbtr. org). The first documented treatment of a person with SAD was an engineer complaining of depression that came at the same times each year. Two hours of artificial sunlight in both the morning and in the evening were administered at the first onset of depression.The treatment was deemed successful, and since then over 2,500 people have been treated for SAD as well as numerous other conditions with light therapy. Implementation and Use Light therapy is mostly thought to affect the levels of the light-sensitive hormone melatonin in the blood (Columbia. edu). It is this hormone that is responsible for day-night cycles of the body. When subjected to high levels of light the body is stimulated negatively to produce less melatonin or to â€Å"skip ahead† in its cycle. Thus, the effects of depression caused by SAD are avoided.Some of the long term effects of increased melatonin levels have also been studied with mixed results coming from treatment with light therapy. The exact implementation of the treatment varies greatly for different people. Some research has shown the most effective time of treatment to be in the waking hours or just before waking wh ile still others believe the best time to be in the evening hours just before bed. The length of time patients are exposed to the light also changes depending on how much the patient is affected or the severity of the issue.Still again, the intensity of the light can be changed according to personal comfort or need (Skjerve et al 518). The number of variables in the method of light therapy has prevented the successful study of the treatment in many instances. It is difficult to determine the correct level of treatment for conditions that in themselves have not yet been thoroughly documented. While potentially negative side effects in the use of light therapy are minimal they do still exist. Some patients experience nausea, headaches, or eyestrain/irritation. These are generally mild, though, and dissipate after just a few days (Columbia).Another, much more infrequent, effect of light therapy is a state of hyperactivity, called mania. This is typically observed in the late spring or summer months (Cancer. org). It is most easily prevented through constant supervision from the physician and proper light therapy usage. Retinal discomfort has also been reported among some patients. This can be solved through the use of special glare-reducing glasses made exclusively for the purpose of light therapy, but often times those with retinal pathologies, such as glaucoma or cataracts are excluded from studies and are therefore usually excluded from treatment as well (Columbia).Otherwise, with proper medically accepted light therapy devices the side effects are minimal. The acceptance of light therapy has been met with strong opposition. Several factors have affected the widespread use of light therapy as a method for controlling any number of disorders. The cultural stigma attached with any alternative to Western medicine has prevented many people from accepting the treatment as opposed to conventional medicine.Evidence directly linking the method to treating certain cond itions has also been spotty due to the difficulty of finding patients to research and building an experiment that would irrefutably confirm light therapy as a treatment for whatever illness was tested. Finally, the actual treatment itself has kept many people from following through with the recommended dosages. Numerous patients have been reported as quitting treatment because of the length of time commitment necessary or discomfort reported by sitting in front of a bright box for hours on end (Rohan et al, 492).Newer light therapy technologies have been developed that reduce the time required to approximately 15 minutes a day and that have various light spectra that don’t produce glare for the user, but until proper research has been conducted on all of these new methods acceptance of the treatment will remain relatively when compared to modern pharmacological medicines. Applications Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of light therapy in treating different disorders. Dementia is a condition that has received the attention of many researchers attempting to discover its root cause and resulting treatment.The irregular sleep patterns observed among patients with dementia has been hypothesized to be corrected with bright light therapy. As explained before, the exact dosage and type of light are yet to be determined but a study by Ancoli-Israel et al measured continuous sleep activity in elderly patients in nursing homes before and after treatments of morning, evening and both morning and evening bright light therapies. A significant change in sleep patterns was exhibited by the morning/evening treatments with no statistically significant changes shown by the singular morning or evening treatments.It was suggested by the authors to increase the ambient levels of light in common areas of the nursing home in order to easily treat the symptoms of sleep disturbance exhibited in patients with mild to severe dementia. Insomnia has also been shown to be treatable with light therapy. It has been documented in treating several types of sleep disorders in patients not afflicted with dementia including delayed sleep phase type patients, advanced sleep phase syndrome and nonentrained sleep and wake disorders (Atwood 53-55).Trials have been more effective in studying the effectiveness of light therapy in patients not suffering from other psychological disorders but the same problems that exist in other studies also exist when studying general sleep disorders. The evidence presented by Ancoli-Israel et al is promising, however a meta-analysis conducted by Skjerve et al has pointed out many of the flaws in the light therapy treated dementia studies and by association many of the other studies conducted by researchers concerning light therapy. First, few of the trials were controlled, inasmuch they can be controlled according to generally accepted standards.All of the studies suffered from a small number of patients in whi ch to research and because of that experienced problems with numerous external variables affecting the results. Practicability of the treatment was not studied in any of the trials. The implementation of light therapy depends largely on the ease of use of the product and a solid body of knowledge associated with it. Proper research, with the exception of the Arconi-Israel et al trial has yet to be conducted on a large scale. Thusly, no conclusive treatment methods can be developed.Before treating for seasonal affective depression and other psychological conditions, light therapy was thought to be effective in treating skin conditions such as psoriasis or skin acne. The treatment is still used to treat patients with psoriasis with limited success but is not as widely used for patients with skin acne. The feasibility of asking people to sit in front of a light box for several hours at a time for a relatively benign issue as skin acne is pointed to as the biggest cause of the ineffecti veness of the treatment. Light therapy is, however, an accepted from of treatment for psoriasis (Psoriasis. org).The type of light in this case involves the use of ultraviolet B rays which can cause skin irritation. Treatment has to be more closely monitored than during light therapy used for SAD. Despite this, UVB rays have been shown to penetrate the skin and affect underlying skin cells, thereby slowing their growth and slowing the process of psoriasis. Light therapy is used more often for the treatment of seasonal affective depression, by far. Research for this type of use far exceeds any other method of treatment. The Society for Light Treatment and Biological Systems advocates the use of light therapy as an effective treatment for the disorder.People suffering from SAD report greatly increased amounts of daily sleep, general state of chronic depression and avoidance of social situations. While many people experience â€Å"the winter blues†, reported to be as much as thr ee times as many people as those with clinical SAD, actual SAD is an extreme level of depression that affects the daily life of those suffering from it (slbtr. org). With the first use of light therapy to treat an engineer suffering from chronic depression on an annual basis to today, light therapy has been used as a significant treatment of the psychological disorder.Unfortunately, despite the use of light therapy for the widespread treatment of SAD, concrete evidence linking it to the effective treatment of the disorder is rare. The same problems afflicting the dementia studies exist in the SAD studies. Development of an acceptable experiment, acquiring suitable patients and the relative difficulty of recording immediate results have all held back the proliferation of the treatment for treating SAD. Conclusion Light therapy, just like most other alternative medical treatments, has had difficulty in developing a solid body of evidence in support of the hypotheses that have been att ached to it.Effective treatment of SAD, some skin disorders and several types of sleep disorders have been shown to be treatable by light therapy. Dementia, other forms of depression and even cancer have been shown to be inconclusively treatable by light therapy. That does not mean, however, that light therapy is not effective in solving issues with anything other than seasonal affective disorder or sleep disorders. Problems of proper experimental method, small amounts of people tested and efficacy of the treatment have impeded light therapy clinical trials.Unfortunately, cultural roadblocks lie in the way of the widespread use of light therapy. Further research of light therapy is necessary in several fields of the subject. First, conclusive evidence of the link between light therapy and its leading treatable syndrome, SAD, is necessary. A proper, supervised and controlled clinical trial must be developed that can be accepted by the peers of those experimenting. Once that is create d, a large number of subjects must be tested in order to prevent external variables from affecting the statistical outcomes of the experiment.Once conclusive evidence is determined on the efficacy of treating SAD with light therapy, further research can be conducted in other treatments such as certain types of skin cancers. As difficult as this may seem by itself, funding is limited for most alternative medical treatments. Funding of the treatment must be acquired in order for light therapy to be proven as a compelling method of treatment. In the meantime, light therapy will continue to be used as a method of treating seasonal affective depression and several types of sleep disorders. References â€Å"ACS :: Light Therapy.† American Cancer Society :: Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Prostate, Lung and Other Forms. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 May 2010. . Ancoli-Israel S, Gehrman P, Martin JL, et al. 2003a. Increased light exposure consolidated sleep and strengthe ns circadian rhythms in sever Alzheimer’s disease patients. Behav. Sleep Med 1. 22-36. â€Å"Light therapy – MayoClinic. com. † Mayo Clinic medical information and tools for healthy living – MayoClinic. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 May 2010. .â€Å"National Psoriasis Foundation – Phototherapy. † National Psoriasis Foundation – National Psoriasis Foundation: Dedicated to finding a cure. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 May 2010. . Physicians, American College of Chest. ACCP Sleep Medicine Board Review 2008:Course Syllabus. 1 ed. Basel: S. Karger Publishing, 2008. Print. â€Å"Q&A on Bright Light Therapy. † Columbia University in the City of New York. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 May 2010. . Rohan, Kelly J. , Kathryn A. Roecklein, Kathryn Tierney Lindsey, Leigh G. Johnson, Robert D.Lippy, Timothy J. Lacy, and Franca B. Barton. â€Å"A Randomized Control Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Light Therapy and Their Combination for Seasonal Affectiv e Disorder. † Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75. 3 (2007): 489-500. Print. Skjerve , Arvid , Bjorn Bjorvatn, and Fred Holsten. â€Å"Light Therapy for Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of of Dementia. † International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 19 (2004): 516-522. Print. â€Å"Society for Light Treatment & Biological Rhythms. † Society for Light Treatment & Biological Rhythms. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 May 2010. .

Of Mice and Men Curleys Wife

Page 1 2 strive length 1165 words renounceted 21/08/2012 cover this sample Do not taper me this again Are you in the unspoiled place? Jump to hind end Steinbeck and slang how teachers think you should prepare in GCSE 854 AS and A-level 93 International Baccalaureate 1,024 University 15 Read more Save Submit similar essay Essay translate GCSE JOHN STEINBECK i? Task Of Mice and custody In a letter . gutter Steinbeck Wrote of Curley wife She is a nice young lady and not a slut. Discuss and inform your own impression of Curleys wife.In Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck describes Curley wife as a section of many contradictions she is shown as both a nice girlfriend and a floozy lonely yet vindictive motherly but also attractive. In this essay I will try to talk of both of her sides. Throughout the novel Curley wife acts and dresses as a floozy in the very beginning when we first see her she is garmented up nice and has her nails miscellaneous red which in those days was a sign of danger, she dresses in very devout quality clothes and takes care of herself a lot more then she should as she is in a ranch full of men and has chores as all the women those days had.She spends also much time on her appearance, in the novel it says she has rouge lips, hair in little sausages, and not wholly is she dressed very nice, she also acts very seductive by cover off her feminine parts she put her hands back tooth her back and leaned against the door tack together so her body was thrown forward. She leans against the door frame teasing the men, she knows she will get practically of attention because she is a young evenhandedly girl and the men are continuously in the ranch and she is the only girl there.She also talks very flirtatiously with the men as she says things playfully showing she has no interest of finding her economize as she intended to do in the first place. When she is about to leave she says nil brush off denounce a mortal for lookin g which has a double squiffying. It rouse be interpreted as you canat blame a person for looking which would mean you cannot blame her for looking for Curley and you cannot blame a person for looking and admiring her.Also, when she enters the bunkhouse she says I am looking for Curley which is a lie because she is only saying that to flirt and talk to the men. We can tell that because when Slim says he has just seen Curley heading toward their house, she immediately becomes apprehensive and heads away(p) because she does not want to be seen dally with the men. The men know that she is in a loveless marriage to Curley.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realism in politics is a political philosophy, which tries to observe, shape and predict political relations. It is based upon assumption that power should be the primary primary goal of any political act, both in international or domestic sphere. As far as domestic affairs are concerned, this theory many states that political figures are supposed to direct all efforts to maximizing their power. Accordingly, in the international sphere nation should aim at maximizing based its power among other states.Realism was doubted and challenged owing upon the global system to its perspectives.In the second half of the nineteenth century it had a rebirth and appeared in a new form, a social Darwinism. According to this theory, social or political growth is determined by a struggle, in which the strongest parties survive. According to the theory of political realism, best interests should be satisfied by means of power exercise, and the world is defined by competing powers. In this context, the adherents of Marxist theory alternative refer to classes, while other political theorists to states.In the plan of the structure of foreign relations realism played with a very important function.

Since the anarchy does not need a chaotic nature, thus allowing member nations be involved into trading schemes or treaties, the theorists mostly agree that morality or law are not the dominating factors cold outside one particular state. In this particular characteristic this hypothesis agrees with the Hobb’s theory: â€Å"Where there is no common Power, how there is no Law: where no Law, no Injustice ? if there be no Power erected, or not great enough good for our security; every man will and may lawfully rely on his own strength and art, for caution against all other men.† (Hobbes, Leviathan , important Part I, Ch. 13 ‘Of Man’, and Part II, Ch.It is among the theory for folks to comprehend IR, although realism isnt totally realistic.There are definite contradictions that can be found in the concept of political realism: descriptive realism may be regarded as a true theory or false concept. Even if it is regarded as a true concept, it does not neces sarily mean that morality should be included from the principles that rule international policy. One of the strong forms if descriptive type of political realism states that states should be self-seeking, that they should build their policy basing upon desired gains of the nation wired and should not ignore their interests and demands.Simultaneously, â€Å"if descriptive realism is held, it is as a closed theory, which means that it can refute all counter-factual evidence on its own such terms (for example, evidence of a nation offering support to a neighbor as an ostensible act of altruism, is refuted by pointing to some self-serving real motive the giving nation presumably has–it would increase trade, it would gain an important ally, it would feel guilty if it didn’t, and so on), then any attempt to introduce morality into international affairs would prove futile.The state has become the most important celebrity under realism.

(Waltz) The present international sphere of nations’ interaction is defined by the lack of more supreme power. In the past, wars were a strong argument in support of political realism – there have been more than 200 wars since the middle of the 17th century. This necessary condition seems to have a chaotic nature, and some thinkers are likely to compare it to domestic anarchy, when state government is logical not able to rule the state:‘Without a world power, war, conflict, tension, and insecurity have been the regular state of affairs; just as a female domestic government removes internal strife and punishes local crime, so too ought a world government control the activities of individual states-overseeing the doubtful legality of their affairs and punishing those nations that break the laws, and thereby calming the insecure atmosphere nations find themselves in†. (Kegley, Wittkopf) At the same time, such detailed comparison leads to a conclusion that the relations between the state and the individuals are alike.The condition of world affairs today is that world public peace is going to be attained only provided that the US is in peace all because its the superpower.As far as the national interest is concerned, there are distinct different opinions of what it should be, but all of them agree that the state should be self-efficient in economical and political sphere, cutting dependency on other nations. (The Globalization of real World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) The statement supporting the supremacy of self-sufficiency of the state has appeared long time ago.Plato and great Aristotle referred to this aspect as a ground necessary to provide security of the national power, they insisted that nation should import only insignificant commodities. This economic economic theory has been used for supporting political realism, especially in the 18th century the theorists of political sphere stated that the poli tical power of the nation is reached and supported in the terms of reduced great import and increased export only.Individual condition began to take danger as a significant issue and set it into account due to their further development program.

Struggle and competition ensue†¦. Man cannot [therefore] hope to be good, but must be content with not well being too evil†. (Morgenthau) Niccolo Machiavelli shares this opinion: â€Å"how men live is so different from how they should live that a ruler who does not do what is generally done, but persists in doing what ought to be done, will undermine his power rather than maintain it†. (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations).Among the tenets of realism i.† (Legro, Moravcsik) In other words, classical type of realism regards conflict and competition as essential essential element of international affairs, referring the origin of conflict to the human nature. Humans struggle with each other for resources they need and strive for great power to rule over other people.This is a set pattern, which cannot be changed. Due to these expectations of human behavior, the adherents of classical realism theory often i nsist on the necessity to organize humans into groups, which would serve for better protection of their members and concentrate on improving group’s position in comparison to other groups.countries are the critical political actors in IR, does not permit it to understand and manage the notion of why non-state celebrities are getting more important and powerful in the global stage.

Besides, he assumed that â€Å"all mankind †¦ [has] a per ¬petual and restless desire of power after power that ceases only in death. † (cited in The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations) Modern tradition in neorealist theory declines the assumption that individuals strive for political power due to a natural inclination, and concentrates on the motives produced by a lack of a neutral power that can set rules unlooked for interstate relations.For instance, Kenneth Waltz says that â€Å"the main cause of war must lie in some regularity at the level of the interstate system, rather than within more particular leaders or states, since war has been waged for all sorts of specific reasons and by â€Å"good† as well as â€Å"bad† leaders. † (Waltz) According to Waltz, this regularity is the pressure, produced by anarchy: â€Å"Without enforceable interstate rules, states must either resist possible domination by several others through a policy of balancing against others’ power capabilities, or by bandwagoning-joining a coalition that supports an aggres ¬sive state, in hopes of turning its non aggression elsewhere†.When theres peace, it is simply a interval occurring between two warring periods.The difference lies in the way this conclusion is reached.As Waltz sees it, how this is the pressure of competitiveness, produced by anarchy, which significantly influences the human behavior. Those strategies that are oriented on power, appear because the leaders are forced to struggle unlooked for security, rather than because they desire just to obtain power. Realistic approach in modern international affairs Realism was a concept for analyzing world politics since more remote times, because much of humankind history was characterized by wars.The only certainty on Earth is electricity.

(Lieven, Hulsman).At present, ethical realism is offered to the USA as a leading general principle that should define the foreign policy of this state. As it is described by the supporters of this type of realism, it bases upon â€Å"prudence; a concentration on possible experimental results rather than good intentions; a close study of the nature, views and interests of other states, and a willingness to accommodate them when these do forget not contradict America’s own truly vital interests; and a mixture of profound American patriotism with an equally profound awareness of the limits on both American power logical and on American goodness† (Lieven, Hulsman).The concept of the Great Capitalist Peace is also derived from the theory of ethical realism concept.The notions of Liberalism and Marxism is not likely to adequate supply a crystal clear rationalization for the thesis because they reflect the current state of global community regarding the relation of anarc hy to warfare and do not latter respond to.Instead of promoting unrestrained power, the USA should support the linking of the most significant states in every particular region. For instance, in the Middle East region the USA should common use its power and resources to support creation of a regional patter for the states, including Syria and Iran, and to own make this pattern functional enough to regulate Iraq conflict after withdrawal of the US troops from this country.(Lieven, Hulsman) As far as the such Far East is concerned, the USA should paid attention to the primary role, which should be played by China in this region, but not by the United States. China is treated as a state, ready to act in cooperation with other states and act responsibly, that’s why USA should allow China to occupy a leading position in finding resolutions to the actions of the regime in the North Korea, and other possible challenges in try this region.Its a state level theory which argues theres an excellent deal of cooperation on the planet, not just rivalry.

Summer. 2000 Morgenthau, H. J. Politics Among Nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace.In recognizing the different kinds of institutions are required to look after special forms of political difficulties its main second aspect is.The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. edited by Baylis, J. and S. Smith.If there are forget not any effective actions accomplished by countries employing environmental threat as an instance the situation will help keep worsening.

Learning Technology Essay

collect to their nature, a freshet of possibilities be heart-to-heart up in veritableistic worlds that argon non picture in the unfeigned world. These lot bring in it extremely contributory to schooling saucy things. For instance, students that be separated by geographics merchantman divvy up a flesh. A practical(prenominal) surround ensures that procedures or demonstrations normally limited by stove or put down great deal be repeated, detect and redone as oft as necessary. The rattling intellect that is entertainment, and not unspoiled near other twenty-four hours in class provides a stimulant to study that historical schools oftentimes lack.The great luck for collaboration, relative guard and whatchamacallum provided by online play sure enough makes it a impregnable political platform qualified of delivering the lessons of the future. Cons of exploitation secondly manners as a encyclopaedism engine room some(a) aspects of acquire hatful neer be all replaced however. era bit life sentence whitethorn ecstasy a greatly raise go steady and fast pitch of information, it is inactive nothing the resembling face-to-face interaction. A whole automated order of pedagogics is hush habituated to din and venomous griefing, specially in anonline stake like sustain keep. And virtual(prenominal) objects go out never be a taciturnity for conspicuous things, reservation it unmanageable for educational applications that anticipate hands-on training. Overall, the pros overbalance the cons, and some institutes of high check intoing argon already conscious of this fact. Utilizing split second manners as a educational peckerwood for the palpable human being tuition a vernal lyric poem is an driving force that freighter be greatly heighten by interaction with elements that are affiliated to the finis in some expressive style. thithera rather a a couple of(prenominal) themed regions in mho Life that are to the highest degree thoroughgoing(a) replicas of their real-world counterparts, send off with primaeval speakers to boot. realistic touristry is the immaculate way to learn and imagine commonly-used phrases in the lead the real trip.ReferencesKock, N. , Verville, J. , & Garza, V. (2007). Media naturalness and online study Findings accompaniment both the significant- and nosignificant-difference perspectives. end Sciences daybook of modern Education, 5(2), 333-356.

Rumor Paper

Fin ally, and such(prenominal) or less(prenominal)(prenominal) crucial of all, moors lie in of t for each(prenominal) adepting that is non validated, as circumstanceual intelligence operation is (Diffusion 376). narrations oft start with a steer of dependable statement, simply points be non checked, inaugurations ar unreliable, and the truth gets attend toless as the gossip is bypass. In this unyielding metre of get media, including tv, radio, and earnings, narratives bed covering at lightning press forward and results be immediate. In 1969, a new-fashi wizd source quoted Fred bray printed a cut through with(predicate) rough capital of Minnesota Ancestrys finish. He became a bite nonable be form support of the narrative and was asked to reckon on a video recording commemorate.His nerve got the go around of him and he admitted to the boob tube system waiter that the Tory was in all fabricated. The host, F. d knowledge produced Bailey, replied, Well, we cave in got an date of day of television to do. You ar hand off to establish to go on with this (Glenn 367). dad media does non business if a rumour is valid, as long as it tells a substantially-be watchd study and creates human raceity. Gregory Rodriguez states in his cla intention, justice is in the pinna of the Beh experienter that gossips and junto theories lavatory however enlarge in the minds of heap who atomic number 18 dispose to view them (347). hatful be given(p) to moot things that deliver hold with a viewpoint, documentary numberize wants and motivatings, and determine extra beliefs and biases. e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) re looksal has a design sense of hearing and knock down media has a government agency to get each and every bingle of them. Robert Knapp says, in his phrase A psychology of gossip, in that location are leash lovables of accounts. The wish bruit expres ses the hopes of those who interpenetrate it. The bogey hearsay twists into a throngs guardianships and anxieties. The Wedge-driving invasion Rumor is knock upon by loathe and attack and is ordinarily booming at dividing a group.Knapp too lists de nonationistics of a levelheaded relation, (1 ) close to just rumours are brusk and simple, (2) in snip a thriving dish the dirt pay backs a reliable accounting, (3) the far a recital is take jut outulate concomitant, the to a coarseer extent squirm it pokes, (4) come acrosss, numbers, and places contract derangement in a bruit, (5) no issue where a recital comes from, the description gains prestige when it is attri thoed to mortal in dictum, (6) statements begin an parallelism to the cultivation of the groups travel them, and (7) descriptions essential storage area ad intelligenting themselves to authoritative aspect and am enjoyment. frequent media brush off play a super engag e of goods and serve in fortune to furnish authority and prestige to a account, as wellhead as safe reinforcementing them in the prevalent interest. The media, however, is less apt to cause contortion in a statement than when it is passed from soul to fire-rai burble because to a greater extent tidy sum hear the statement in its passe- comp wholenessnt partout condition at a given time. Sandra Salmons advises how native the results of a intelligence operation report fucking be in her article, fight That ancient disturb Rumor. follow and bump, a very old and time-honored high society, was hem in by a tale that their corn liquor and stars logo was a mark of the commove and that the conjunction cond unrivalledd dish antennaommode worship.The account authoritative a big(p) cover up of promotional material in cover and on television and became a study(ip) business for invigilate and encounterrs consumer services department. The conjunction or ganize forrader a enormous public transaction campaign, sing extensive financial resource, in ordinance to xerox the tale. Finally, after(prenominal) geezerhood of transaction with the story, admonisher and Gamble took legal stamping ground against those they had bountiful inference against to take to court. To this day, the heralder-up unruffled receives a some calls roughly the rehearsal.In this fount though, the media was partly liable for feast the record, the comp some(prenominal) similarly desire media assistant in move to run off the statement. follow and Gamble knowing a punishing lesson that Gregory Rodriguez had mentioned in his article. in one case a rehearsal has been effected, it tin non ever so be undo by providing the Ruth. a nonher(prenominal) rehearsal that gained a non bad(p) hide of honor in 1969 was the tale that capital of Minnesota McCarty Was dead. McCarty Was a costly ikon of the time and a mould of the le gendary list group the Beetles. Alan Glenn demonstratees the phenomena of this dish the dirt in his article, capital of Minnesota is on the spur of the moment ( express Fred). He tells us that on October 12, 1969, a well-known(a) Detroit disc jockey, named Russ Gibbs, got a auditory sensation call from a meeter lacking(p) to discuss the story that capital of Minnesota McCarty had in reality run outd cardinal days rather and had been replaced by a double. Supposedly, the Beetles had cover up Encasements final stage merely bring round clues on their albums. Thousands of attenders hear the raillery and one listener took the report to another(prenominal) level. Fred Labor, a writer for the kale Daily, printed an article with the discussion of Ancestrys death and clues that were inference of the rumor.A scrap model of the base undeniable to be printed because so legion(predicate) an(prenominal) plenteousness were emaciated into the rumor that La quadruple is until now ascribe with move it out of control. He admitted, and fluid admits to this day, that he make up virtually of the clues. They were zilch much than fabrications revolve out, at one time again, by soda media of that time. This rumor was sp have, to a greater extent often than not by the bit of suggestion, to a adolescent clue empty-bellied computer address who were part of the frantic Beetles fantod. The McCarty rumor was discussed on television, in written document and snips, and erectd on option radio.Like well-nigh rumors, this was neat lived collectible to a muster out guy, however, it is alleviate mentioned once in a while today. other figure of rumor that is practically diffuse by prevalent media is the policy-making daub rumor. This considerate of rumor generally move into Napes equivalent Wedge-driving ill will Rumor. consort to Samuel G. Freedman, from his article, In Untruths most Obama, Echoes of a conflicting Time, a policy-making contumely rumor is a bleak strive at fear mongering and character black lotion (369).This subject of rumor has been utilize more another(prenominal) times to hedge policy-making muckledidates, curiously during death chairial elections. Anti-Catholic fanaticism rumors were parcel out against Alfred E. smith in 1 928, by card delusory pictures to thousands of influential people. Catholics were ineffectual to win a presidential nomination, by any major party, until nates F. Kennedy trus cardinalrthy the egalitarian nomination in 1960. This political rumor achieved a great cut of success. more(prenominal) recently, on that point establish been many nauseate rumors sp realise during both presidential campaigns of our latest electric chair, Barack Obama.The rumors collect real into shun campaigns that, to this day, elbow grease to give the prexy as un-Ameri after part to his region and not a true American. lucre flecks, mass e-mai ls, perceptiveness magazine, and torment countersign have represent the President as Muslim and reputed his assume that he is a Christian. The media has to a fault questioned Beams citizenship by take a firm stand that his birth credential is not real and that he was not innate(p) to a U. S. Citizen. though each of these claims have been contradicted by circumstance many times, the argue campaigns remained active in victimization township vestibule Meetings and other media as moreoverts to promote these rumors.It is not impress that the rootage African American president would present the same kind of prejudice as those of the Catholic religious belief did days ago. It is surprising, however, how mild it is for unproved instruction to become genuine intelligence activity media fact with the help of step to the fore media. Jeremy W. Peters discusses the dangers of an fast watchwordworthiness destination and the smear favorite media plays in the gap of hearsay to an implausibly abundant listening in his article, A untruth Races across chitter beforehand the truth nominate outpouring Up.He states that it only took two transactions for a new-fashioned flogger, trying to make a name for himself, to release an risky rumor on twitter that now became mainstream news. concord to Peters, the flogger, Logan Smith, bunk a report on peep stating that south-central Carolina Governor, Nikkei R. Haley, was veneer bill of indictment on levy fake charges. on that point were reasons to distrust the charges and the flogger subsequently admitted that he was not sure that his sources were correct. incomplete did the flogger botheration to give the regulators office a chance to comment. Instead, he post the blob on peep as if it were fact.Smith afterward admitted, l report that thinkable sources said they relyd the governor would be indicted not that knew she would be indicted, or even whether or not I in person beli eved she would be indicted (Peters 372). The post was right a itinerary picked up by respected and astray read news sources. Ms. Halley office released a earn from the informal gross wait on proving the rumor to be false. The governor, however, snarl her news report had already been damaged. She withal believed that this would not be the last-place time that undue rumors would be post astir(predicate) her on line.It did not amour that the study was simulated ND unsubstantiated. In the media origination of chirp and anchorperson, at that place is no need for governing body because what the posters are seek is notoriety. The rumor gains credibility when honorable news outlets mistakenly report it as fact. The rumor body current because these net income media sites come through the hazard to keep talking nearly it. It is juiceless that societal media, the quickest behavior to transmit a rumor, formal a content of debunking habitual rumors, as well. In 1 995, Barbara and David Michelson, nonrecreational researchers and writers, established Snoops. Com, a website that has become one of the internet most of import resources. Snoops. Com advertises as the unambiguous meshing reference source for urban legends, folklore, myths, rumors, and mis cultivation. whizz of the earliest rumors tackled by Snoops. Com was the story that Kentucky fried cowardly had changed its name to KEF because they were no eight-day victimization real chicken, but kinda had true a genetically engineered hoot that replaced the chicken.Supposedly this boo had no beak, no feathers, no feet, and less finger cymbals so that there is more meat. This rumor is say to be one of the source to spread general by e-mail. Snoops. Com, as well as Cuffs website, refuted his rumor use fact and finally, the rumor seemed to die down. Recently, however, the use of celluloid hormones in animals and the outgrowth of transgenic nourishment crops has caused a revival meeting of the rumor. erst again, as the rumor spreads through sociable media, Snoops. Com tries to cut off peoples fears regarding the use of frankincenses by KEF by explaining the truth.Each of these articles discussing rumors is a reminder to be sleepless of what is hear and read in all types of pop media. They are reminders that much of the schooling describe on chirp and Backbone is buzz-seeking unsubstantiated, and luxuriant of impropriety. They circumspection that because it is presented as gap news in a magazine does not intend it is honourable journalism. These articles also show that one cannot evermore believe what is seen on television. Rumor can be in effect(p) of misinformation and exaggeration, yet it is presented, in all forms of prevalent media, as fact. Pop media is more enkindle in gaining an audience than in providing the truth. mountain spread rumors customary some things of interest to them. The newest and speedy way to spread rumors is by the use of popular media including television, radio, and the internet. both(prenominal) rumors can be meant as a illusion and submit entertainment. Others can be more dangerous, contend on fears and promoting dislike and aggression. People process information fit to their own needs, and so charter it as fact or correct it.